class: center, middle, inverse, title-slide # Seven dimensions of portability ## Bird & Simmons (2003) ### Bradley McDonnell ### 2020/1/14 (updated: 2020-01-14) --- class: center, middle # What is portability? --- # What is portability? ### From Computer Science: > the usability of the same software in different environments. Here they say they are talking about portability of data: the usability of data in different environments. --- # Why was this article written, why is it important? ### In 2003 there were: - new general tools (word processors, hypertext processors, database packages). - new specialized tools (Shoebox, Praat, Transcriber...). - new specialized technology (recording devices, storage devices). > **Problem:** specialized work flows, arcane instructions for access, risk of loss of data and info at every level. --- # Significance of B&S 2003 B&S identify **seven problem areas or "dimensions"** (with sub-dimensions) for portability in linguistics. - They posit discipline-wide value statements about these dimensions, and provide recommendations for Best Practices. Readers encouraged to suggest alternate BP, or alternate values. --- class: center, middle, inverse # Dimension 1: Content --- ## Dimension 1: Content **Coverage:** - We value comprehensive documentation, broad in scope and rich in detail. > **BP:** make rich records of rich interactions; document the field methods used. -- **Accountability:** - We value the ability to verify linguistic claims. > **BP:** make the full documentation available (a grammar is based on a text corpus); provide primary recordings for transcribed texts; time-align transcriptions to recordings; when a recording has been edited, provide the original. -- **Terminology** - We value the ability to compare terminology in different resources. > **BP:** Map the underlying terminology/tags/transcription symbols to a standardized ontology (GOLD, IPA). --- class: center, middle, inverse # Dimension 2: Format --- ## Dimension 2: Format **Openness** - We value the ability to make use of a resource without the need for unique or proprietary software. > **BP:** Store langdoc and description in open formats (published, nonproprietary specifications); prefer formats supported by multiple software; prefer formats supported by free tools; prefer published proprietary formats over secret proprietary formats. -- **Encoding** - We value a character encoding that is not limited by the font used to render it. > **BP:** Use Unicode; avoid Private Use characters (or document them well); document any scheme for transliterating. --- ## Dimension 2: Format **Markup** - We value the potential to write new software for processing extant data in novel ways. > **BP:** Use descriptive (not presentational) markup; use XML whenever possible with a schema or DTD; prepare and archive an explanatory document if you use some other descriptive markup. -- **Rendering** - We value the ability to read content in a conventional way. > **BP:** provide and archive human readable versions of your materials using common formats (HTML, txt, pdf, paper). --- class: center, middle, inverse # Dimension 3: Discovery --- ## Dimension 3: Discovery **Existence** - We value the ability of any potential user to learn about the existence of a resource. > **BP:** Archive your materials in an OLAC archive; make HTML easy to find via keywords. -- **Relevance** - We value the ability of a potential user to judge the relevance of a resource without having to first obtain a copy. > **BP:** Use good descriptive metadata (e.g. OLAC metadata set). --- class: center, middle, inverse # Dimension 4: Access --- ## Dimension 4: Access **Scope** - We value the ability to access a complete resource, not just a part of it. > **BP:** Publish complete primary documentation and a method by which users can obtain it. -- **Process** - We value making it easy for users to gain access to resources. > **BP:** document the process for access as part of the metadata. -- **Ease** - We value users being able to access resources wherever the users may be located, with whatever computer infrastructure. > **BP:** Make CDs/DVDs available; make low-bandwidth surrogates (e.g. mp3) available online; provide print versions for the speech community with little computer access. --- class: center, middle, inverse # Dimension 5: Citation --- ## Dimension 5: Citation **Bibliography** - We value being able to give credit to the creator of resources. > **BP:** in the metadata, instruct users how to cite the resource. -- **Persistence** - We value the ability to locate resources even when their actual locations or filenames change. > **BP:** Ensure that items have a persistent identifier (ISBN, DOI); ensure that the identifier resolves (=points to) either an instance of the resource or directions on how to obtain the resource. --- ## Dimension 5: Citation **Immutability** - We value citing versions of resources that never change. > **BP:** distinguish versions of a resource with a distinct identifier. -- **Granularity** - We value being able to cite component parts of a resource. > **BP:** provide a way to cite a part of a resource (e.g., timestamps). --- class: center, middle, inverse # Dimension 6: Preservation --- ## Dimension 6: Preservation **Longevity** - We value ongoing access to resources over the long term. > **BP:** Use a credible archive; digitize analog materials; migrate offline materials regularly; archive physical versions of the materials. -- **Safety** - We value ongoing access to resources over the long term. > **BP:** Ensure LOCKSS: Lots of copies keeps stuff safe; create a disaster recovery plan. -- **Media** - We value access to a resource beyond the lifespan of any particular storage medium. > **BP:** use an archive with well-maintained servers and a commitment to migrate to new media; transfer your offline data at regular intervals to new media. --- class: center, middle, inverse # Dimension 7: Rights --- ## Dimension 7: Rights **Terms of use** - We value easy to understand restrictions on use of resources. > **BP:** fully document terms of use, including specifics of how an item may or may not be used. -- **Benefit** - We value maximal application of a resource toward the benefit of human knowledge and experience. > **BP:** Ensure that resource can be used for research and is not limited to the use of the researcher, project or agency responsible for collecting it. --- ## Dimension 7: Rights **Sensitivity** - We value the rights of the speaker community. > **BP:** Document any sensitivities in detail, and include a list of any uses that must be avoided. -- **Balance** - We value the long-term benefit of a resource, even when access has to be restricted in the short term. > **BP:** limit stipulations of sensitivity to the sensitive parts only; associate each sensitivity with an expiration or review date; when sensitivity is only for the benefit of the researcher, the expiration date should be no more than five years.