class: center, middle, inverse, title-slide # Truncation, Breath & Lengthening ## 710 ### Bradley McDonnell ### 2020/12/03 (updated: 2022-04-17) --- # Truncation 1. IU truncation: at the moment of utterance, the speaker intended to bring the intonational contour to its completion but then abandons it before finishing.* - em dash 2. Word truncation: A word is cut-off or abandoned - en dash ***The em dash is not intended to represent the case of a unit which appears incomplete when measured against the canons of normative grammar!!** --- # Breath 1. **Capital H in single parentheses (H)** indicates an audible inhale. 1. **Capital H followed by lowercase x in single parentheses (Hx)** indicates an audible exhale. --- # Lengthening *Colon (:)* indicates that the preceding segment is lengthened to a degree greater than what is expected on the basis of accent, lexical stress or length, or position in IU. *For "superlong" segments it is possible to use double or even triple colon (e.g., :: or :::).*